organic-catalysts

Catalysts

Alkanes

1. HI/Red Phosphorus - reducing agent; reduces aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alchohals and haloalkanes to alkanes
2. Na, Dry Ether - used in Wurtz,Fittig,Wurtz Fittig reaction; dry ether acts as a solvent for the metal because metals don’t react with it
3. Ni,Pt,Pd - used to add hydrogen; hydrogenation
4. Sodalime(NaOH + CaO) - used in decarboxylation to get 1 less carbon in the product. CaO keeps the medium dry.
5. Sunlight - used in chlorination and bromination of alkanes
6. HIO₃ or HNO₃ - used in Iodonation; react with HI and change it into I₂ and keeps the reaction going
7. Conc HNO₃ + Conc H₂SO₄ - Nitration Mixture; removes H₂O and replaces -H by -NO₂
8. H₂SO₄ + SO₃ - removes H₂ and replaces -H by SO₃H, also called fuming H₂SO₄
9. Hot Cu tube(574 K,100 atm) - it changes alkane to alchohal
10. MO₂O₃(under preassure) - it changes alkane to alchohal
11. AlCl₃/HCl(573 K) - straight chain to branched chain alkane
12. Al₂O₃ + Cr₂O₃ + V₂O₅ (773 K) - non aromatic to aromatic

Alkenes

1. Alchohalic KOH(ROH + KOH) - removes hydrogen and halogen from alkane and converts it into alkenes, dehydrohalogenation
2. Pd + BaSO₄ - Lindlar’s reagent; stop hydrogenation of triple bond to double bond and makes cis isomer.
3. Na/Liq NH₃ - used in Birch Reduction; stop hydrogenation of triple bond to double bond and makes trans isomers
4. Zinc - removes -X₂; halogen and form ZnX₂
5. CCl₄ - used in halogenation of alkenes, it acts as a solvent for reactant as it is non-polar
6. Br₂/CCl₄ - used to differentiate saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
7. Organic Peroxide(with HBr only) - used when obeying Anti-M-Rule
8. Dil H₂SO₄ - used to add water to make alcohol from alkenes
9. Cold KMnO₄ - Baeyer’s reagent; used to test presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons, makes vicdiol from alkenes, dicarbonyl compound from alkynes
10. Hot KMnO₄ - oxidising agent; strong enough to break the bond between carbon atoms
11. Zn dust - used in ozonolysis; converts ozonide to aldehyde or ketones

Alkynes

1. Current ~ 3300 K - used to form alkyne from carbon and hydrogen
2. Ba²⁺, BaSO₄, Hg²⁺, HgSO₄ - used in reaction of alkynes because alkynes are least reactive out of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
3. Ba(CN)₂ - used to react alkyne with HCN
4. CH₃COONa - used while reacting alkyne with carboxylic acid
5. (Ag(NH₃)₂)OH^- - Tollene’s reagent, terminal alkyne give white ppt after reacting with this
6. Cold KMnO₄ - Baeyer’s reagent, makes dicarbonyl compound when reaction with alkyne
7. Hot KMnO₄ - oxidising agent; strong enough to break bond between carbon atoms
8. Red Hot Fe Tube - converts 3 moles of alkyne to cyclic compound; benzene
9. NaNH₂ - Converts But-1-yne and But-2-yne into one another, it is an inert solvent
10. NaNH₂/liq NH₃ - add sodium to alkyne
11. HOCl,Cl₂/H₂O(HOBr,Br₂/H₂O) - When reacting with alkyne, they form gemdiol which are unstable and loose water

Benzene

1. H₃PO₂/H₂O - used to form benzene from dizonium salt
2. FeBr₃ - used in bromination of benzene
3. FeCl₃ - used in chlorination of benzene
4. R-X/AlCl₃ - used in alkylation of benzene, -H of benzene is replaced by alkyl group -R
5. CH₃COCl/AlCl₃ - used in acylation of benzene; -H of benzene is replaced by acetyl group
6. Cold KMnO₄ - Baeyer’s reagent; reacting with alkyl benzene gives benzoic acid

Haloalkanes

1. AgF - Used in Swart reaction to prepare alkylflouride from any other alkylhalide
2. Silver salf of Carboxylic Acid + Br₂2/CCl₄ - Used in Hunsdiecker reaction to prepare alkylbromide with 1 less carbon than Carboxylic acid
3. HCl/Anhydrous ZnCl₂ - Used in Groove’s process to convert alcohol to chloroalkane
4. Mg/Dry Ether - Used to convert alkylhalide to Grignard’s Reagent
5. Pb/Dry Ether - Used to convert 4 moles of Ethylchloride to Teteraethyllead
6. KCN - Used to convert alkylhalide to alkylcyanide
7. AgCN - Used to convert alkylhalide to alkylisonitrile
8. Aqueous KOH - Used to convert alkylhalide to alchohal
9. AgNO₂2 - Used to convert alkylhalide to nitroalkane
10. KNO₂2 - Used to convert alkylhalide to alkylnitrite
11. R-ONa - Used in Williamson Synthesis to convert alkylhalide to symmetrical or asymmetrical Ether
12. Dry Silver; Ag0₂ - Used to convert 2 moles of haloalkane to only symmetrical Ether
13. Silver salf of Carboxylic Acid - Used to prepare Ester from haloalkane
14. NH₃ - Used in Hofmann Ammonolysis to prepare all types of amine from haloalkane
15. Sodium salf of acetylene - Used to prepare higher alkyne from lower alkyne
16. Hydrogenation of cyanide - Used to prepare primary amine
17. Hydrolysis of cyanide - Used to prepare carboxylic acid with same number carbon as cyanide
18. Hydrogenation of isocyanide - Used to prepare secondary amine
19. Hydrolysis of isocyanide - Used to prepare primary amine along with formic acid(always)
20. HONO (Nitrous Acid) - Used to convert -NH₂ into -OH above 5 degree centigrade

Haloarenes

1. Cl₂2|AlCl₃ - Used for chlorination of benzene
2. Br₂2|FeBr₃ - Used for bromination of benzene
3. HONO or NaNO₂|HCl (0-5 degre centigrade) - Used to convert aniline into diazonium salt
4. CuX|HX or Cu|HX - used to convert diazonium salt into chloro or bromo benzene
5. KI - Used to convert diazonium salt into iodobenzene
6. HBF₄|(BF₃ + HF) - Used to convert diazonium salt into flourobenzene
7. Cu + Dry Ether - Used in Ullmann reaction to prepare Biphinyl from aryliodide
8. Ni,Al Alloy - Used in reduction reaction to convert arylhalide to bezene
9. Ethanol - Used to convert phosgene into diethyle carbonate
10. AgX|aq KOH - Used to test presence of type of halogen in organic organic compounds, it is detected by ppt, AgCl give white ppt, AgBr give pale yellow ppt, and AgI give yellow ppt
11. NH₃| 443K - Used to convert arylhalide into aniline
12. NaOH_(aq)|dil HCl [623K,300atm] - Used to convert arylhalide into arylalchohal

Alcohols

1. HCN, NH₂OH - Used to test presence of aldehyde or ketone group in glucose
2. Br₂|H₂O - Used to confirm presence of aldehyde group in glucose
3. Grignard’s Reagent - Used to convert carbonyl compound into alcohol, primary, secondary and tertiary, all types of alcohol can be made from this method
4. LiAlH₄ - Used for partial reduction of carbonyl compound into alcohol
5. Na,NaOH - Used to form sodium alkoxide from alcohol
6. Carboxylic Acid,Acid Derivatives|H₂SO₄ - Used to prepare ester from alcohol
7. Conc H₂SO₄|443K - Used in dehydration of alcohols
8. Cu|573K - Used for partial oxidation of alcohol to carbonyl compound
9. HNO₃ - Used for complete oxidation of alcohol into carbonyl compound and then into carboxylic acid
10. (a)H₂SO₄ (b)Steam - Used in indirect hydration of alkene to alcohol, it follows M-Rule
11. (a)BH₃ (b)3H₂O₂ - Used in indirect hydration of alkene to alcohol, it follows Anti-M-Rule, it is called Hydroboration Oxidation

Ethers

1. Conc H₂SO₄|413K - Used in dehydration of alcohols into Ethers
2. HX|373K - Used to break the C-O bond in Ether to form alcohol and haloalkanes
3. Ether + PCl₅ - Gets converted into haloalkanes
4. Ether + dil H₂SO₄ - Gets converted into alcohols
5. Ether + acid chloride - Gets converted into alcohol and ester

Phenols

1. Diazonium Salt + Steam - Gets converted into phenol
2. Salicylic Acid + Soda Lime Decarboxylation happens and gets converted into phenol
3. aq NaOH | 300 atm 623K Used in Dow's Process to prepare phenol from haloarene
4. Zn - Used to convert phenol to benzene
5. Neutral FeCl3 - Used to test the presence of phenol
6. CCl₄/CHCl₃NaOH|340K Used in Rieman Tiemann reaction
7. Pyridine - Used to stimulate alcohol to loose H⁺ by acting as a weak base
8. CO₂ + dil HCl | 400K,427atm_ - Used to convert sodium phenoxide into salicylic acid

Carboxylic Acid

1. (Ag(NH₃)₂)OH - Used to prepare carboxylic acid with same number of carbon from aldehyde
2. Alkylbenzene + KMnO₄|H₂SO₄ - always gets conveted into benzoic acid (except tertbutylbenzene)
3. Grignard’s reagent + $\text{ce}CO2$ then $\text{ce}H2O$ - Gets converted into carboxylic.
4. Acid Derivative + Water - Gets converted into carboxylic acid
5. Alkene + $\text{ce}CO$ + $\text{ce}H2O|H+$ - Koch Reaction Gets converted into carboxylic acid with 1 more carbon than alkene
6. Carboxylic Acid + $\text{ce}NH3$ then Heat - Used to prepare acid amide from carboxylic acid
7. $\text{ce}LiAlH4$ - Used for partial reduction of carboxylic acids into alcohol
8. gemdicarboxylic acid + Heat - Gets converted into carboxylic acid
9. Silver salf of Carboxylic Acid + Br₂2/CCl₄ - Used in Hunsdiecker reaction to prepare alkylbromide with 1 less carbon than Carboxylic acid
10. $\text{ce}X2|CCl4$ - Used to replace alpha H from carboxylic acid with halogen

Carbonyl Compounds

1. PCC or PDC or John’s Reagent$ - Used in oxidation of alcohol to form carbonyl compounds without oxidising multiple bond
2. Calcium Salt of Carboxylic Acid | Dry Distillation - It gives acid with half the number of carbon as the salt
3. MnO|573K - Convert 2 moles of carboxilic acid into Carbonylc Compound with half the number of carbon losing $\text{ce}CO2$ and $\text{ce}H2O$ in the process
4. $\text{ce}HgSO4|H+$ - Used to convert alkyne into enol which tuatomerizes into carbonyl compounds
5. $\text{ce}RMgX+RCN$ - Gets converted into ketone if cyanide has more than 1 carbon, only way to prepare aldehyde is if we use HCN
6. (a)$\text{ce}RCN+SnCl2+HCl$ (b)$\text{ce}H2O|H+$ - Used to convert cyanide to carboy,carbonyl compounds
7. $\text{ce}Pd+BaSO4$ - Used to convert acid chloride into aldehyde
8. $\text{ce}CH3COCl|AlCl3$ - Used in acylation of benzene
9. $\text{ce}C6H6COCl|AlCl3$ - Used in benzoylation of benzene
10. $\text{ce}CO+HCl|AlCl3$ - Used in Gatterman-Koch reaction for formylation of benzene.
11. $\text{ce}Cr2O2Cl2$ Used in etard reaction to prepare Aromatic aldehyde from alkylbenzene
12. $\text{ce}=C=O|RMgX$ - Used to convert grignard’s reagent into all types of alcohols
13. $\text{ce}=C=O|NaHSO3$ - Convert’s Carbonyl compounds into white crystalline bisulphide product which react with HCl to give the original carbonyl compound
14. Fehling’s Solution - All aldehyde carboxylic acid and red ppt of $\text{ce}Cu2O$
15. $\text{ce}[Ag(NH3)2]OH$ - Used in Tollene's Test convert amphoteric aldehyde into carboxylic acid
16. $\text{ce}=C=O+PCl5$ - Used to convert carbonyl compounds into gemdichloride
17. $\text{ce}I2|NaOH$ - Used to convert Carbonyl compound with acetyl group into Iodofoam with yellow ppt and Sodium Alkate
18. $\text{ce}KMnO4|H2SO4$ - Used to convert ketone into acid with less number of carbon by popoff's rule
19. $\text{ce}dilNaOH$ - Used in aldole|cross aldole for reacting 2 moles of carbonyl compound with alpha H
20. $\text{ce}dilNaOH$ - Used in clasin condensation for reacting 1 mole of alephatic carbonyl compound with alpha H and 1 mole of aromatic carbonyl compound without alpha H
21. 50% NaOH or KOH - Used in Cannizaro's reaction for reaction 2 moles of aldehyde without alpha H
22. 50% NaOH or KOH - Used in Cross | Intramolecular Cannizaro's reaction for reaction 2 moles of aldehyde without alpha H in which reduction and oxidation happen in order to prevent steric hinderance
23. $\text{ce}Al(OC2H5)3$ - Used in Tishenko's reaction for reacting 2 moles of Carbonyl compounds with or without alpha H to firstly form acid and alcohol and then undergo esterification to form ester
24. $\text{ce}NH2-OH|H+$(ph:3-4) - Used to convert carbonyl compound into oxime
25. $\text{ce}NH2-NH2|H+$(ph:3-4) - Used to convert carbonyl compound into hydrazone
26. $\text{ce}NH2-NH-C6H5|H+$(ph:3-4) - Used to convert carbonyl compound into phenylhydrazone
27. $\text{ce}DNP|H+$(ph:3-4) - Used to convert carbonyl compound into 2,4-dinitrophenolhydrazone
28. $\text{ce}NH2-NH-CONH2|H+$(ph:3-4) - Used to convert carbonyl compound into semicarbazone
29. $\text{ce}6HCHO+4NH3|H+$ - Gets converted into Urotropin
30. Urotropin + Controlled $\text{ce}HNO3$ - Gets converted into RDX

Amine

1. $\text{ce}LiAlH4$ | ether - Converts amide,nitro,oxime,imine into amine
2. $\text{ce}AlcKOH|Br2$ - Converts amide into amine with 1 carbon less

Conversion Rules

1. Rule for Rearrangement of Halogen - Firstly prepare alkene, then add halogen acid according M-Rule or Anti-M-Rule depending upon conversion
2. Rule for Ascending carbon - Firstly prepare haloalkane, then add KCN and then apply special reaction of cyanide depending upon conversion.
3. Rule for Descending carbon: Firstly prepare carboxylic acid, then add sodalime with heat to the Sodium salt of Carboxylic Acid, we get Alkane with 1 less carbon
4. Rule for Ascending carbon in Branched Chain - Firstly prepare carbonyl compound(aldehyde,ketone) then add grignard’s reagent according to the your needs